田间菜蛾绒茧蜂对有机磷敏感性监测及毒理机制分析

对甲胺磷敏感性的田间监测结果显示,绒茧蜂存在着抗性演化,毒力生物测定结果与AChE的K_i值的监测结果呈明显的相关性,每年9月至次年2月期间AChE敏感性最低,8月期间敏感性最高。甲胺磷可显著地抑制绒茧蜂AChE、CarE和GSTs的活性。PB和TPP对AChE的活体抑制率极低,但PB可强烈抑制CarE的活性,而TPP仅在高浓度时对CarE有较显著的抑制作用,PB对甲胺磷有显著的增效作用,而TPP对甲胺磷无增效作用。AChE的K_m、V_(max)及K_i值研究结果表明,田间绒茧蜂对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯的抗性与AChE对杀虫剂的不敏感性有关。由此认为,绒茧蜂对有机磷的抗性主要与其最重要的靶标酶AChE的敏感性改变及多功能氧化酶有关。     

一种监测棉铃虫对Bt杀虫晶体蛋白抗性的技术

研究了以诊断试剂盒监测棉铃虫对苏云金杆菌(Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白(ICP)抗性的技术。将1日龄幼虫在含诊断剂量的饲料中(每毫升饲料含Bt ICP0.01mg)取食7天,以生长至3龄以上的个体作为抗性个体的判断指标;筛选出人工饲料中防腐剂剂量的最佳值为每350毫升饲料中含丙酸2.5ml。经对多个棉铃虫不同抗性种群的验证试验,证明诊断试剂盒检测抗性个体频率较为精确且应用简便。     

二点叶螨对氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪及螨嗪菊酯混剂的抗药性

以兰州吐鲁沟公园金花忍冬植物上采集的二点叶螨为敏感种群,在室内盆栽菜豆苗上饲养繁殖后分别用氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪及螨嗪菊酯(甲氰菊酯 四螨嗪)混剂喷雾处理20代,获得二点叶螨抗氧乐果种群(抗性指数RF=35.84倍)、抗甲氰菊酯种群(RF=479.79倍)、抗四螨嗪种群(RF=67.26倍)以及抗混剂螨嗪菊酯种群(RF=26.75倍)。用生化法测定离体酶活性的结果表明,上述四个抗性种群的形成与体内羧酸酯酶、磷酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶的活力增加及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性降低有关。4个抗性种群对常用15种供试药剂交互抗性测定结果表明,氧乐果、甲氰菊酯与联苯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、水胺硫磷、久效磷、氰久合剂有交互抗性,甲氰菊酯还与螨蚧克有交互抗性;四螨嗪与三氯杀螨醇(RF=14.15倍)、齐螨素(RF=10.26倍)有交互抗性;螨嗪菊酯与双甲脒、氧乐菊酯有负交互抗性,RF值分别为0.85、0.71倍。     

朱砂叶螨对两种杀螨剂的抗性遗传力及风险评估

在室内抗性培育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法研究了朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素两种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对两种药剂在不同杀死率下,朱砂叶螨抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明,用甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素分别连续汰选16、18代后,朱砂叶螨对两者的抗性分别为28.61和4.36倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2685和0.1385。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50％～90％时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯需要约13～6代,阿维菌素需要约28～13代。生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类药剂甲氰菊酯。试验结果为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供了理论依据。     

Development and fecundity ofSitobion avenae on some wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions

Nymphal development time and fecundity ofSitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were determined on nine widespread wheat varieties cultivated in Tekirdağ Region in Turkey. Tests were carried out in controlled environment chambers (25±1°C, 65±5% r.h.; 16:8, L:D). Development time (±S.E.) ranged from 5.75±0.25 to 7.20±0.20 days. Fecundity per female ofS. avenae was found to be the highest (12.87±1.50) on wheat cv. ‘Sana’. In this investigation cvs. ‘MV-17’, ‘Miryana’, ‘Pehlivan’ and ‘Saraybosna’ were particularly resistant againstS. avenae. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 8, 2002.     

Identification of ALS inhibitor‐resistant Amaranthus biotypes using polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles

Summary Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific alleles (PASA) was adapted as a molecular marker‐based method for the rapid detection of point mutations in Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus rudis leading to ALS inhibitor resistance. Two pairs of primers were designed for the specific amplification of alleles of the ALS gene of susceptible and resistant biotypes. The allele‐specific primer matched the desired allele, but mismatched the different allele at its 3′ end. Differentiation was carried out by comparison of the amplified DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis after PASA‐PCR. In A. rudis, differentiation was possible with one PCR and genomic DNA as probe. A ‘nested’ PCR was necessary for the differentiation of sensitive and resistant A. retroflexus. PASA is useful for the identification of resistant weed biotypes and also as a monitoring tool to map resistance occurrence and distribution. Advantages include the fast and clear separation of those plants with and without mutations at an early stage of development, its easy and consistent performance and quick results compared with existing resistance detection tests. These advantages, when combined with management strategies, enable further activities to reduce herbicide resistance.     

β- 氨基丁酸诱导甜( 辣) 椒抗疫病作用的研究

 报道了用β- 氨基丁酸( DL-β-aminon-butyric acid, BABA) 喷雾处理辣椒叶片和茎后的诱导抗疫病作用。研究证明: 高浓度BABA ( 1 000 g/mL) 对离体辣椒疫霉病菌无抗菌活性, 用其喷雾处理辣椒的茎叶所诱导的抗疫病作用可完全控制其危害; 用BABA 诱导处理后3 d 接种辣椒疫霉病菌, 辣椒植株开始表达出较高的诱导抗性, 这种抗病作用可持续20 d 以上, 并表现出与数量抗病性相似的特性。     

Identification of a major gene (Mex-1) from Coffea canephora conferring resistance to Meloidogyne exigua in Coffea arabica

Among the most damaging root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne exigua is especially common in Latin America and constitutes a major agronomic constraint in all major coffee-growing ( Coffea arabica ) areas. Growing nematode-resistant coffee represents the most promising option for control of the pest. The present study aimed to determine the mode of inheritance of the M. exigua resistance transferred into C. arabica from a related species, Coffea canephora , and to identify associated molecular markers. Segregation data analysis of F ₂ progeny derived from a cross between the resistant introgression line T5296 and the susceptible accession Et6 showed that the resistance to M. exigua is controlled by a simply inherited major gene (designated the Mex -1 locus). The gall index distribution exhibited by the F ₂ individuals suggested incomplete dominant expression. Fourteen AFLP markers were found associated with the resistance to M. exigua and a localized genetic map of the chromosome segment carrying Mex -1 was constructed. Furthermore, the association of the identified AFLP markers with Mex -1 was confirmed by analysis of a set of genotypes involving 28 introgression Arabica lines either resistant or susceptible to M. exigua in field conditions. These results represent an important starting point to enhance backcross breeding programmes and to perform an early selection of resistant seedlings.     

Variation in the response of melon genotypes to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis race 1 determined by inoculation tests and molecular markers

Screening of genotypes of melon ( Cucumis melo ) for resistance to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis is often characterized by wide variability in their responses to inoculation, even under carefully controlled conditions. The variability at the seedling stage of 17 genotypes susceptible to race 1 was examined in growth-chamber experiments. Disease incidence varied from 0 to 100% in a genotype-dependent manner. Using four combinations of light (60 and 90  µ E m⁻² s⁻¹) and temperatures of (27 and 31°C), only light intensity showed a statistically significant effect. Marker-assisted selection for fusarium resistance breeding using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were compared using a single set of genotypes that included 24 melon accessions and breeding lines whose genotype regarding the Fom-2 gene was well characterized. The practical value of the markers for discriminating a range of genotypes and clarifying the scoring of phenotypes was also tested using a segregating breeding population which showed codominant SCAR markers to be useful in marker-assisted selection.     

SSR-based genetic linkage analysis of resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) is a serious foliar disease of the pasture and turfgrass perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Previous genetic studies have detected both qualitative and quantitative resistance mechanisms, and interpretation of the genetic system is complicated by variation within the sexually reproducing pathogen. Resistant and susceptible parental genotypes of ryegrass were identified using a composite urediniospore population collected from three geographically distinct locations. A two-way pseudo-testcross mapping population was obtained as the F₁ progeny of the pair-cross between ryegrass parental genotypes Vedette₆ and Victorian₉. Both parents showed intermediate resistance against a pathogen population collected in a single geographical zone (Hamilton, Victoria), but in the F₁ population, significant variation for a range of resistance-associated characters was detected. Statistical analysis of phenotypic data suggested a major gene effect, hence bulked segregant analysis with map-assigned simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was used to scan the genome. A marker showing strong association with resistance was assigned to linkage group (LG) 2 of perennial ryegrass. Analysis of 11 LG2 SSR markers defined an interval between loci xlpssrh03f03 and xlpssrk02e02 as containing the gene or genes (LpPc1) conferring crown rust resistance. Resistance gene determinants were inherited from both parents, with up to 80% of the total phenotypic variation explained by markers segregating from Vedette₆ and up to 26% of the variation explained by markers segregating from Victorian₉. The two contributions together resulted in an additive increase in effect, with fully resistant individuals requiring determinants from both parents. A conserved syntenic relationship was observed with linkage group B of Avena strigosa, which is the location of a cluster of resistance genes to the oat form of crown rust. The implications of this study for marker-assisted selection of disease resistance in perennial ryegrass are discussed.